Research on Primark Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Primark - Research Paper Example Therefore, it is quite apparent that the research approaches and methods radically influence the research content. Research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analyzed and used. This thesis is a qualitative case study which focuses on an analysis of the HR policies prevailing in Primark. To carry out such a study in general we resort to two main approaches; Deductive reasoning; which works from the more general to the more specific subjects. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. In such approach we take up the 'theory' and then try to apply it to the hypotheses that we intend to test. Gradually we narrow down to the testing of data and observations for their applicability to the theory/ theories to arrive at a confirmation of its applicability or not. Such an approach require that we enlist the HR principles concerning effective management, motivation, customer relationship management, employees turnover etc. and then see how the ideal situation applies to Primark, by taking relevant data from the company. The Inductive approach on the other hand begins with collecting data, specific observations, which then lead to broader generalization and theories. Such an approach in called as "bottom up" approach. The patterns thus detected are formulated into tentative hypotheses and we can therefore arrive at some general conclusion about our subject. This appears to be a more practical approach, as we need to collect data from different sources and then come out with the inferences after taking a look at the things projected by data. For example if we find that most of the employees are new to the company that effectively points towards a high employees' turnover. Similarly, if most of the employees express their resentment with the way staff matters are handled by the company, that goes on to indicate about lack of proper motivational strategies in the company. However this study is undertaken with a balanced mix of both these approaches so that we get to analyze the organization as well as established theories. Data Collection Requirements For this study, we need main input from the people working for Primark, for which one method is to take the company reports. But these annual reports mainly highlight the financial aspects and do not contain much info about the employees' issues. Secondly, the company's HR records could form the basis for setting up the record structure, but the company will surely not be forthcoming with their official requirements until it is a statutory requirement. This study is purely for academic purposes, so we'll have to look for other means of collecting data. Therefore, while secondary data can be had from earlier similar studies, books and annual reports, making use of questionnaire therefore appears to be the best option for collecting Primary data. Justification of Strategy Collecting data using a questionnaire seems to be the best approach under the circumstances, because with its help we will have detailed answers to some of our curious questions. Going over to each individual and then asking him/her the questions might not be a viable option because it requires enough time on the part of the respondent as well as on the part of th

A Rose for Emily Essay Example for Free

A Rose for Emily Essay Foreshadowing is an advance sign or warning of what is to come in the future. Foreshadowing is used as a literary device to tease readers about plot turns that will occur later in the story. In the story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† by William Faulkner, several examples are used to achieve the surprising but believable ending. The extremely strong scent about Ms. Emily’s house and the purchase of the poison are just what of these examples of foreshadowing in this story. The first example of foreshadowing is the horrible stench that the townspeople complain about. In the quote, â€Å"just as if a man any man- could keep a kitchen properly,† it shows how the women accuse the male servant of the smell because they stereotype how bad men are in the kitchen since it isn’t their place. Anthor accusation of the smell from the butler is Judge Steven when he states â€Å" its probably just a snake or rat that nigger of hers killed in the yard.† These two quotes suggest the smell to be from the butler but kept us on the edge of what the smell really was. The townspeople tried to resolve the issue, as some of the men decided to sprinkle lime around her house in hopes it would alleviate the stench. However, the smell did not dissipate for another week or two. If the odor had come from a mere snake or rat, the smell would have persisted for only a few days. In anthor section of the story Emily plans on buying arsenic. This is the next example of foreshadowing. â€Å"I want the best you have. I don’t care what kind,† this quote made by Emily to the town druggist when she wants the strongest poison. This questions the reader what she might need it for and why the strongest one. The druggist answers back to her, â€Å"they’ll kill anything up to an elephant,† the druggist made this point to let Miss Emily know that it kills huge animals not only just rats. When Emily goes home she finds written on the box, under the skull and cross bones- â€Å" for rats,† this suggest to the reader to think whether she might use it on herself or for someone else. Therefore in the ending of the story, when Miss Emily dies and the townspeople discover the corpse of Homer Barron, the reader recalls the use of foreshadowing, Miss Emily buying the poison and the horrible stench that was coming from the house. Faulkner in fact prepares the reader for Homer Barron’s death at the ha nds of Miss Emily almost from the very beginning. The use of foreshadowing throughout the story contributes to the unity of the story and allows the reader to accept the lovers’ fate as inevitable.

The Culture Of Vietnam English Language Essay

The Culture Of Vietnam English Language Essay The Culture of Vietnam which is the agricultural civilization based on the wet rice cultivating is one of the oldest of such in the Asia Pacific region. In terms of prehistory, most Vietnamese historians consider the ancient Dong Son culture to be one of the defining aspects of early Vietnamese civilization. There are some other characteristics that comprise Vietnamese culture: betel- areca nut chewing, teeth darkening, bamboo, respect for community and family value, hardworking and devotion to study. Long periods of domination and interaction with its northern neighbor, China, has resulted in Vietnams historic inclusion as part of the East Asian Cultural Sphere, known widely as Chinese Cultural Sphere with the accepting Confucianism as the philosophy of Mandarin class. However, the major stimulation of Vietnamese cultures development comes from indigenous factors. That is, Vietnamese culture with village culture as its representation is foundation that belongs to Austro-Asiatic culture and Chinese influence and Indian have just only been enrichment. Following independence from China in the 10th century AD, Vietnam began a southward expansion that saw the annexation of territories formerly belonging to the Chapman civilization (now Central Vietnam) and parts of the Khmer empire (today southern Vietnam) which resulted in minor regional variances in Vietnams culture due to exposure to these different groups. During French colonial period, Vietnamese culture received merchant influences from the Europeans, including the spread of Catholicism and the adoption of Latin alphabet-to this day, Vietnam is the only non-island nation of Indochina which uses the Latin alphabet to write the national language. In the socialist era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government-controlled media and the cultural influences of socialist programs. For many decades, foreign cultural influences were shunned and emphasis placed on appreciating and sharing the culture of communist nations such as the Soviet Union, China, Cuba and others. Since the 1990s, Vietnam has seen a greater re-exposure to Asian, European and American culture and media. Pod dwellers accounted for 29.6% of the population, their numbers rising 3.4% a year on average, while the head count of rural folks edged up by only 0.4% a year. About 70.4% of Vietnamese citizens currently live in bad areas, and although many are being influenced by the process of a growing economy, rural tradition and customs still play a vital role in shaping the stomping culture. Vietnamese give much to protecting their money, such that traveling to Vietnam means going to an older world for all Asian tourists In terms of societal levels of organization, the two most important units are là  ng (village) and nu?c (country). Vietnamese people usually say that là  ng goes hand in hand with nu?c. Intermediate organizational units like the huy?n (district) and t?nh (province) are not as important. The culture is like a vast ocean of people In rural Vietnam, kinship plays an important role. If it can be said that Western cultures value individualism, then it can also be said that Eastern cultures value the roles of family and clan. Comparing with Eastern cultures, Chinese culture values family over clan while Vietnamese culture values clan over family. Each clan has a patriarch, clan altar, and death commemorations attended by the whole clan. Most inhabitants are related by blood. That fact is still seen in village names such as à ?ng Xà ¡ (place for the à ?ng clan), Chà ¢u Xà ¡, Là ª Xà ¡, and so on so forth. In the Western highlands the tradition of many families in a clan residing in a longhouse is still popular. In the majority of rural Vietnam today one can still see three or four generations living under one roof. Because kinship has an important role in society, there is a complex hierarchy of relationships. In Vietnamese society, there are nine distinct generations. Virtually all commemorations and celebrations within a clan follow the principles of these nine generations. Younger persons might have a higher position in the family hierarchy than an older person and still must be respected as an elder. This complex system of relationships, a result of both Confucianism and societal norms is conveyed particularly through the extensive use of varying pronouns in Vietnamese language, which has an extensive array of honorifics to signify the status of the speaker in regards to the person they are speaking to. In the past, both men and women were expected to be married at quite young ages (by todays standards). Marriages were generally arranged by the parents and extended family, with the children having limited right to say no in the matter. In modern Vietnam, this has changed completely as people choose their own marriage-partners based on love, and in consideration primarily to their own needs and wants. The traditional Vietnamese wedding is one of the most important of traditional Vietnamese occasions. Regardless of Westernization, many of the age-old customs practiced in a traditional Vietnamese wedding continue to be celebrated by both Vietnamese in Vietnam and overseas, often combining both Western and Eastern elements. Depending on habits of specific ethnic groups, marriage includes various steps and related procedures, but generally there are two main ceremonies: Le an hoi (betrothal ceremony): Some time before the wedding, the groom and his family visit the bride and her family with round lacquered boxes known as betrothal presents composed of gifts of areca nuts and betel leaves, tea, cake, fruits, wines and other delicacies covered with red cloth and carried by unmarried girls or boys. Both families agree to pick a good day for wedding. Wedding ceremony: Guests would be invited to come to join a party and celebrate the couples happiness. The couple should pray before the altar asking their ancestors for permission for their marriage, then to express their gratitude to both grooms and brides parents for raising and protecting them. Guests will share their joy at a party later Formerly funeral ceremonies went as following: the body was washed and dressed; chopstick was laid between the teeth and a pinch of rice and three coins were dropped in the mouth. Then the body was put on a grass mat laid on the ground according to the saying being born from the earth, one must return back to the earth. The dead body was enveloped with white cloth, and put into the coffin. Finally, the funeral ceremony was officially performed. The deceased persons sons, daughters, and daughters-in-law had to wear coarse gauze turbans and tunics, and hats made of straw or of dry banana fiber. The deceased persons grandchildren and relatives also had to wear mourning turbans. During the days when the dead were still laid out at home, the mourning went on with worshipping meals and mourning music. Relatives, neighbors, and friends came to offer their condolences. The date and time for the funeral processio, must be carefully selected. Relatives, friends, and descendants take part in the funeral procession to accompany the dead along the way to the burial ground. Votive papers were dropped along the way. At the grave site, the coffin is buried and covered. After three days of mourning, the family visits the tomb again, or worship the opening the grave; after 49 days, the family stops bringing rice for the dead to the altar. And finally, after 100 days, the family celebrates the end of the tears. After one year is the ceremony of the first anniversary of the relatives death and after two years is the ceremony of the end of mourning. Nowadays, mourning ceremonies follow new rituals which are simplified; they consist of covering and putting the dead body into the coffin, the funeral procession, the burial of the coffin into the grave, and the visits to the tomb. The deceased persons family members wear a white turban or a black mourning band Religion in Vietnam has historically been largely defined by the East Asian mix of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, the so-called Tam Già ¡o, or triple religion, but today it has become more diverse including other religions such as cat holism, etc. Vietnamese Buddhism has typically been the most popular. The country also has a strong cultural norm of ancestor worship as well as animism. This fits perfectly with the triple religion, making it difficult for many Vietnamese to express exactly which religion they practice.[1] Of the three, Vietnamese Buddhism has always been the most popular with commoners Buddhism came to Vietnam as early as the second century CE through the North from central Asia and via Southern routes from India. Buddhism in Vietnam as practiced by the ethnic Vietnamese is mainly of the Mahayana school, although some ethnic minorities (such as the Khmer Krum) adhere to the Theravada school. Buddhism in Vietnam has had a symbiotic relationship with Taoism, Chinese spirituality, and the indigenous Vietnamese religion. The majority of Buddhist practitioners focus on devotional rituals rather than meditation. Buddhism is not practiced the same as in other Asian countries and does not contain the institutional structures, hierarchy, or sang has that exist in other traditional Buddhist settings. Due to this observation the estimate that 80% of the Vietnamese population is Buddhist is questionable, but does however show that many Vietnamese define their spiritual needs using a Buddhist worldview Besides the triple religion, Vietnamese life was also profoundly influenced by the practice of ancestor worship as well as native animism. Most Vietnamese people, regardless of religious denomination, practice ancestor worship and have an ancestor altar at their home or business, a testament to the emphasis Vietnamese culture places on filial duty. Along with obligations to clan and family, education has always played a vital role in Vietnamese culture. In the old days, scholars were placed at the top of society. Men not born of noble blood could only wish to elevate their status by means of studying for a rigorous Imperial examination which could potentially open doors to a position in the government, granting them power and prestige as Mandarin officials Vietnamese cuisine is extremely diverse, often divided into three main categories, each pertaining to Vietnams three main regions (north, central and south). It uses very little oil and many vegetables, and is mainly based on rice, soy sauce, and fish sauce. Its characteristic flavors are sweet (sugar), spicy (Serrano peppers), sour (lime), fish sauce, and flavored by a variety of mint and basil. Vietnam also has a large variety of noodles and noodle soups. Different regions invented different types of noodles, varying in shapes, tastes, colors, etc. One of the nations most famous type of noodles is pronounced fuh, a type of noodle soup originating in North Vietnam, which consists of rice noodles and beef soup (sometimes chicken soup) with several other ingredients such as bean sprouts and scallions (spring onions). It is often eaten for breakfast, but also makes a satisfying lunch or light dinner. The boiling stock, fragrant with spices and sauces, is poured over the noodles and vegetables, poaching the paper-thin slices of raw beef just before serving. Ph? is meant to be savored, incorporating several different flavors: the sweet flavor of beef, sour lemons, salty fish sauce, and fresh vegetables. In feudal Vietnam, clothing was one of the most important marks of social status and strict dress codes were enforced. Commoners had a limited choice of similarly plain and simple clothes for every day use, as well as being limited in the colors they were allowed to use. For a period, commoners were not allowed to wear clothes with dyes other than black, brown or white (with the exception of special occasions such as festivals), but in actuality these rules could change often based upon the whims of the current ruler. The à o t? thà ¢n or four-part dress is one such example of an ancient dress widely worn by commoner women, along with the à o y?m bodice which accompanied it. Peasants across the country also gradually came to wear silk pajama-like costumes, known as à o cà ¡nh in the north and à o bà   ba in the south. Monarchs had the exclusive right to wear the color gold, while nobles wore red or purple. Each member of the royal court had an assortment of different formal gowns they would wear at a particular ceremony, or for a particular occasion. The rules governing the fashion of the royal court could change dynasty by dynasty, thus Costumes of the Vietnamese court were quite diverse. The most popular and widely-recognized Vietnamese national costume is the à o Dà  i, which is worn nowadays mostly by women, although men do wear à o dà  i on special occasions such as weddings and funerals. à o dà  i is derived from the Chinese Xiao, although it consists of a long gown with a slit on both sides, worn over cotton or silk trousers. It is elegant in style and comfortable to wear, and likely derived in the 18th century or in the royal court of Hu?. White à o dà  i is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across Vietnam. Some female office workers (e.g. receptionists, secretaries, tour guides) are also required to wear à o dà  i. à o dà  i was once worn by both genders but today it is worn mainly by females, except for certain important traditional culture-related occasions where some men do wear it. In daily life, the traditional Vietnamese styles are now replaced by Western styles. Traditional clothing is worn instead on special occasions, with the exception of the white à o dà  i commonly seen with high school girls in Vietnam Traditional Vietnamese art is art practiced in Vietnam or by Vietnamese artists, from ancient times (including the elaborate Dong Son drums) to post-Chinese domination art which was strongly influenced by Chinese Buddhist art, among other philosophies such as Taoism and Confucianism. The art of Champ and France also played a smaller role later on. The Chinese influence on Vietnamese art extends into Vietnamese pottery and ceramics, calligraphy, and traditional architecture. Currently, Vietnamese lacquer paintings have proven to be quite popular Calligraphy has had a long history in Vietnam, previously using Chinese characters along with Ch? Nà ´m. However, most modern Vietnamese calligraphy instead uses the Roman-character based Qu?c Ng?, which has proven to be very popular. In the past, with literacy in the old character-based writing systems of Vietnam being restricted to scholars and elites, calligraphy nevertheless still played an important part in Vietnamese life. On special occasions such as the Lunar New Year, people would go to the village teacher or scholar to make them a calligraphy hanging (often poetry, folk sayings or even single words). People who could not read or write also often commissioned scholars to write prayers which they would burn at temple shrines. Vietnamese music varies slightly in the three regions: B?c or North, Trung or Central, and Nam or South. Northern classical music is Vietnams oldest and is traditionally more formal. Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions, when the Vietnamese captured a Chinese opera troupe. Central classical music shows the influences of Champa culture with its melancholic melodies. Southern music exudes a lively laissez-faire attitude. Vietnam has got some 50 national music instruments, in which the set of percussion instruments is the most popular, diverse and long-lasting such as copper drums, gongs, lithopone, Dan to rung The set of blowing instruments is represented by flutes and pan-pipes, while the set of string instruments is specified. The Vietnamese folksongs are rich in forms and melodies of regions across the country, ranging from reciting poems, lullaby, chantey In the 20th century, in contact with the Western culture, especially after the national independence, many new categories of arts like plays, photography, cinemas, and modern art had taken shape and developed strongly, obtaining huge achievements with the contents reflecting the social and revolutionary realities. Up to 1997, there have been 44 people operating in cultural and artistic fields honored with the Ho Chi Minh Award, 130 others conferred with Peoples Artist Honor, and 1011 people awarded with the Excellent Artist Honor. At the start of 1997, there were 191 professional artistic organizations and 26 film studios (including central and local ones). There have been 28 movies, 49 scientific and documentary films receiving international motion picture awards in many countries Hà ¡t tu?ng (also known as Hà ¡t b?i): A theatre form strongly influenced by Chinese opera, it transitioned from being entertainment for the royal court to travelling troupes who performed for commoners and peasants, featuring many well-known stock characters. C?i luong: A kind of modern folk opera originating in South Vietnam, which utilizes extensive vibrato techniques. It remains very popular in modern Vietnam when compared to other folk styles. Hà ¡t chà ¨o: The most mainstream of theatre/music forms in the past, enjoyed widely by the public rather than the more obscure Ca trà ¹ which was favored more by scholars and elites. Water puppetry Water Puppet Theatre in Hanoi: Water is a distinct Vietnamese art which had its origins in the 10th century. In Water Puppetry a split-bamboo screen obscures puppets which stand in water, and are manipulated using long poles hidden beneath the water. Epic story lines are played out with many different puppets, often using traditional scenes of Vietnamese life. The puppets are made from quality wood, such as the South East Asian Jackfruit tree. Each puppet is carefully carved, and then painted with numerous successive layers of paint to protect the puppets. Despite nearly dying out in the 20th century, Water Puppetry has been recognized by the Vietnamese Government as an important part of Vietnams cultural heritage. Today, puppetry is commonly performed by professional puppeteers, who typically are taught by their elders in rural areas of Vietnam. It is now extremely popular with tourists, and is performed at the National Museum in Ho Chi Minh city and in specialist theatres. In 2007 a Water Puppet troupe toured the USA to acclaim Vietnam has 54 different ethnics, each with their own traditional dance. Among the ethnic Vietnamese majority, there are several traditional dances performed widely at festivals and other special occasions, such as the lion dance. In the imperial court there also developed throughout the centuries a series of complex court dances which require great skill. Some of the more widely known are the imperial lantern dance, fan dance, and platter dance, among others Vietnamese martial art is highly developed from the countrys long history of warfare and attempts to defend itself from foreign occupation. Although most heavily influenced by Chinese martial arts, it has developed its own characteristics throughout the millennia in combination with other influences from its neighbors. Vietnamese martial art is deeply spiritual due to the influence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and is strongly reliant on the Viet Vo Dao (philosophy of Vietnamese martial arts). It is probably most famous for its scissor kicks. The general Vietnamese term for martial arts is Và µ-Thu?t, which encompasses all of the countless styles. Some of the more popular include: Vovinam Và µ Bà ¬nh à ?nh Quan Khi Dao Vietnamese martial art remains relatively unknown in the world today when compared to its counterparts from China, Japan, Korea or Thailand. However, this is seeing a definite change as schools teaching various styles of Vietnamese martial arts are starting to pop up all over the world, notably in countries such as Spain Vietnamese martial art is highly developed from the countrys long history of warfare and attempts to defend itself from foreign occupation. Although most heavily influenced by Chinese martial arts, it has developed its own characteristics throughout the millennia in combination with other influences from its neighbors. Vietnamese martial art is deeply spiritual due to the influence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and is strongly reliant on the Viet Vo Dao (philosophy of Vietnamese martial arts). It is probably most famous for its scissor kicks. Literature Vietnamese literature includes two major components which have developed simultaneously and are profoundly interrelated: Folk literature and written literature. Vietnamese folk literature came into being very early and had a profound effect on the spiritual life of the Viet. The folk literature always praised beauty, humanism, and the love of goodness, and contributed to the formation of a national sense. Legends, fairy tales, humorous stories, folk songs, epics and so on, have a tremendous vitality and have lived on until today. Written literature was born roughly in the 10th century. Up to the 20th century, there had been two components existing at the same time: works written in the Han characters (with poems and prose demonstrating the Vietnamese soul and realities; thus, they were still regarded as Vietnamese literature) and works written in the Nom character (mostly poems; many great works were handed down to the later generations). Since the 1920s , written literature has been mainly composed in the National language with profound renovations in form and category such as novels, new-style poems, short stories and dramas, and with diversity in artistic tendency. Written literature attained speedy development after the August Revolution, when it was directed by the Vietnamese Communist Partys guideline and focused on the peoples fighting and work life. Modern Vietnamese literature has developed from romanticism to realism, from heroism in wartime to all aspects of life, and soared into ordinary life to discover the genuine values of the Vietnamese people. Classical literature generated such masterpieces as Truyen Kieu (Nguyen Du), Cung oan ngam khuc (Nguyen Gia Thieu), Chinh phu ngam (Dang Tran Con), and Quoc am thi tap (Nguyen Trai). The Vietnamese had brilliant female poets such as: Ho Xuan Huong, Doan Thi Diem, and Ba Huyen Thanh Quan, centuries ago. In Vietnamese modern prose, there were authors who could emulate whomever in the world, namely, Nguyen Cong Hoan, Vu Trong Phung, Ngo Tat To, Nguyen Hong, Nguyen Tuan, and Nam Cao. They were joined by excellent poets: Xuan Dieu, Huy Can, Han Mac Tu, and Nguyen Binh. Regrettably, their great works that faithfully reflected the country and the times have yet to appear Vietnam has a number of UNESCO-listed World Heritage Sites, as well as cultural relics deemed as Intangible heritage. These are split into specific categories: Cultural heritage sites Hoi An: An ancient city and trading center. Imperial city of Hu?: Complex of monuments in the former imperial capital. My Son: Ancient temple complex of the former Champa civilization in Quang Nam province. Natural heritage sites Phong Nha cave, Quang Binh province. Ha Long Bay Intangible Cultural Heritage Nhà £ nh?c: A form of Vietnamese court music. Space of Gong culture in the Central Highlands of Vietnam Ca trà ¹ Quan h? There are a number of other potential world heritage sites, as well as intangible cultural heritages which Vietnam has completed documents on for UNESCOs recognition in the future. Vietnam celebrates many holidays, including traditional holidays which have been celebrated in Vietnam for thousands of years, along with modern holidays imported predominantly from western countries. Among the traditional holidays, the two most important and widely celebrated are the New Year although the latter has been losing ground in recent years With the adoption of your child from Vietnam comes a whole new Vietnamese culture that you will want to share with your family. Our articles introduce you to Vietnam and to the Vietnamese culture, including Vietnamese holidays, Vietnamese cooking, Vietnamese names, Vietnamese culture camps, craft projects, humanitarian aid projects, and more Vietnamese culture, including holidays and celebrations, Vietnamese names, Vietnamese food and recipes, Vietnamese language and more

The Study Of Imagery In Adrian :: essays research papers

In all the aspects of literature, authors use literary devices to add suspense, depth and significance to their works. This concept is valid in 'Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years'; by Sue Townsend . The diary-type story revolves around a young adult named Adrian, who constantly goes through the tragedies of life, but finally with some fortunate fate, achieves to live a life in which he cannot 'fail to see the happiness.'; (p 267) Therefore, in order to make the readers laugh at several tragedies of life, Townsend establishes an accurate use of the literary devices of irony, satire and exaggeration to create a humorous plot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Irony is a significant literary device, which is used many times to achieve a good sense of humor. A perfect example for a use of irony is seen in the description of the psychologist of the main character, Lenora.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   'After all, she was just a psychologist. God ! She wasn't ! Apart from Pandora [his infatuated love] she was probably the loveliest woman I have ever spoken to. I found it hard to take my eyes off her black suede shoes with high heels. ' (p. 35)';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the entrance of Adrian to the psychologist's room, he obviously does not expect much of a physical appearance. However, after he enters the room, ironically, Lenora turns out to be a smashing woman. Another use of irony is present in Adrian's description of his mother in the new year's eve: 'As she slopped wine into a plastic glass for me, I could have a chance to take a close look at her. Her lips were surrounded red, her hair was blonde and glossy. Her cleavage wrinkled and her belly protruded from the little black dress (very little) she wore. The poor woman was forty-seven, and twenty-three years older than her second husband.'; (p. 3) Here, first Mrs. Mole is described as if she is a twenty-year-old girl, but in the end of the description, he reveals her actual age – 47 – which is rather ironic for such an appearance. Last and the most obvious, Adrian's Russia Trip turns out to be ironic: 'Saturday, August 17th: There is no cruise ship. There are no passengers. Each member of our party is paddling their own canoe. I am crouched inside a two-man tent. Outside are swarms of huge, black mosquitoes. They are waiting for me to emerge. With a bit of luck, I will die in my sleep.

Oil/Gas Pipelines: Opportunities and Challenges

Oil has become the most in-demand product in the world. It has become the center of round-table discussions, and never that a single day passed without it being on the news. Decrease in its supply could mean the downfall of nations, especially the industrialized ones. This was evident in three world oil crises in 1973, 1979, and a brief one in 1990, which reversed the flow of money, making the oil-producing countries in the Middle East the vital force that could change the direction of the future of the world. Their cut-offs in production led to the creation of policies and rules on consumption, saving, and independence from oil.A nation, controlling the production, selling, and over-all management of oil, is assured of a significant posting in any field of the world’s lifestyle, but most importantly in politics and economics (Tanter, 2007). To become something like this, a nation should invest in ways on how to transport oil from its sources to its consumers, like the creatio n of networks of pipelines.Research and development projects have been carried out and continuously be done to meet the challenges in connection with oil and gas pipelines. One of these is the continuing drive to discover more oil and gas reserves locked under the earth or offshore. There are still many places in the planet that need to be explored. Even the most extreme environments should be included, like what they did to the North Sea.Designing and manufacturing pipes will still emerge as one of the important factors in the realm of oil and gas pipelines. Through the years, designs have been continuously improved to accommodate several factors like environment, and the nature of oil and gas. Researchers now consider the direct relationship of the size of the diameter of the pipe with the flow capacity of the product. Moreover, they also examine the expansion and contraction of pipes during the transportation of oil and gas due to significant temperature change, which could resul t to cracks, collapse tensions, and other similar effects. Materials will continuously be tested to determine the best for pipes. Though steel is already being used, improvements are still being done to test durability. Stresses and fractures, especially offshore projects, should be accounted for to minimize the percentage of failure. Cathodic protection against corrosion should be upheld to the highest level to assure the survivability of the pipes throughout the project.Terrorism attacks on pipelines will remain one of the most feared human phenomena. This is due to the fact that whenever pipelines are bombed or attacked, industries are affected. With this, countries should strengthen their monitoring schemes to ensure the safety and zero attack on their pipelines.Keeping with the laws of nature and environment also poses great challenge to companies engaged in oil and gas pipelines. Discovery of new sites for extraction will always encounter similar scenario with the trans-Alaska crude pipeline project, which was delayed for nine years, because the construction of pipelines was attached to environmental issues (Kennedy, 1993). Environmentalists will still be around the corner to watch the movements of oil companies.A greater challenge is on the side of politics and regulation. Better policies and laws covering the construction of pipelines, and transportation of oil and gas should be enacted to cover threats and possible failure-causing movements, especially in explorations crossing two different countries. Faster approval of laws should be done to maximize the economic potentials of the discovered oil and gas reserves.The greatest challenge could be the offering of affordable price of pipelined products to consumers. Companies must take note that the advancements they make with pipe designs and manufacturing, and the entire pipeline construction and transportation project, should go at par with the purchasing power of consumers, who are directly affected b y any oil price hike.Since the drilling of the first commercial oil well in 1859 in Pennsylvania, the evolution of pipelines has gone a long way, though remaining as the most economical way (Kennedy, 1993). Oil and gas pipelines are efficient, using only 4% of the energy content of the transported product. This is far better in comparison with other modes of transportation like water, rail, and trucks (Dykesteen & Frantzen, 1991).Higher levels of technology give way for the development of better pipes and more sophisticated pipeline networks. These could yield higher efficiency rate and better service for the people, who basically need the product in their everyday living.The construction of country’s own pipelines could spell independence from importing oil and gas from foreign countries. This could also alleviate problems on oil crisis, and cut-off on importation rate. This could consequently clip the country to economic prosperity because of the removal of the burdens of o il importation.Pipelines transport oil, and natural gas from extracting wells located in the different parts of the globe, including the most hostile areas like Alaska and Siberia. These products are then refined, and prepared for consumption by all citizens in all corners of the world. These products when properly used could continuously fuel the economic progress of any country involved with it.References:CBC News Online. 2006. The price of oil – in context. Retrieved 29 June 2007. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/oil/.Dykesteen, E & K Frantzen. 1991. Multiphase Fraction Meter Developed and Field Tested. Oil & Gas Journal. 18 February 1991: 50.Kennedy, JL. 1993. Oil And Gas Pipeline Fundamentals. 2nd ed. Oklahoma: PennWell Books.Tanter, R. 2007. Pipeline Politics: Oil, Gas and the US Interest in Afghanistan. Znet. Retrieved 29 June 2007. http://www.zmag.org/tanteroil.htm.Tobin, J. 2006. Additions on the Capacity of the US Natural Gas Pipeline Network: 2005. Energy Informat ion Administration, Office of Oil and Gas. Retrieved 29 June 2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/feature_articles/2006/ngpipeline/ngpipeline.pdf.

A Report Of Bolton Youth Offending Team Social Work Essay Essay Example

A Report Of Bolton Youth Offending Team Social Work Essay Essay Example A Report Of Bolton Youth Offending Team Social Work Essay Essay A Report Of Bolton Youth Offending Team Social Work Essay Essay This is a direction study on how Bolton Youth Offending Team manages alteration and ensures quality young person services within the organisation, the council and the community. Harmonizing to the description provided on its web site, Bolton Youth Offending Team is a authorities administration run by the Bolton Council, and the Management Board of the organisation is drawn from member administrations including Social Services, the Probation Service, Police, Education and Health services. The Bolton Youth Offending Team draws support from an active and effectual voluntary and community sector and provides support, counsel, information and preparation and develops links between voluntary and community organisations and bureaus ( Bolton Youth Offending Team Council web site, 2009 ) . The purposes and aims of the organisation highlighted the fact that Bolton Youth Offending Team believed in greater engagement of community members, particularly parents of immature people and actively supported engagement in community activity and engagement of persons, immature people and communities in procedures that affect our lives. There were nevertheless other aims of the squad and the chief intent of the organisation has been to assist forestall immature people from interrupting the jurisprudence and acquiring into problem with the constabulary and tribunals. The organisation provides support and advice to immature people in detention, in prisons, sentenced by tribunals or victims of offense. Bolton Youth Offending Team is based on the rule that although many immature people are victims or culprits of offense, they should still be provided counsel and support every bit good as advice on how they can be more responsible citizens or how they can avoid similar jobs in the hereafter. When immature people are arrested, the determination devising procedures could impact their lives, it is possible to take positive action even after immature people are arrested and it is of import to value the function of persons involved with Bolton Youth Offending Team. Bolton Youth Offending Team is managed by the Bolton Council and members of the Management Board are from other Council divisions every bit good. Bolton Youth Offending Team emphasizes on equal engagement of all community members and particularly of immature people and their household members and focal points on pulling more and more persons in community development and volunteering. The direction board which comprises of membe rs from member organisations and other Council divisions encourages youth engagement across community degrees. 2.0 Organizational Effectiveness: 2.1 The forces that are determining the work of the administration and its staff Bolton Youth Offending Team and its member organisations from Police, Education etc, usage rules concentrating on authorities policy, professional involvements and community demands to determine the work of the community and its staff. The Bolton Youth Offending Team organizational development squad supports sustainable development of voluntary organisations and community groups as the major focal point of the squad is to develop the groups that work on rules in conformity with Bolton Youth Offending Team. The organisational development squad offers counsel, information, preparation and aid to groups and organisations that could present ends more efficaciously and workers from the squad assist the groups to measure their demands and construct support and develop learning chances. Some of the spouses of the organisation are from other authorities and Council sections such as Social Services, the Probation Service, Police, Education and Health every bit good as bureaus and these organi sations help in supplying the basic direction construction of the organisation ( Bolton Youth Offending Team, 2009 ) . Even the direction system and rules every bit good as the focal point of the organisation are shaped in conformity with the in agreement scheme as there are representatives of these different spouse organisations are involved in determining the basic policies of the organisation that later reflects on other groups. The Bolton Youth Offending Team works closely on Partnerships with bureaus and community groups that bring together public sector bureaus, voluntary and community groups and local concerns and they discuss issues about Bolton ad particularly immature people in Bolton. This is to guarantee enhanced work and partnership among the bureaus and voluntary community groups and local concerns. There are nevertheless other forces that shape any organisation and harmonizing to the rules of direction the five forces of direction include the menace of replacement merchandises and services, the menace of entry of new rivals, the strength of competitory competition, the bargaining power of clients and dickering power of providers ( Porter, 1980 ) . Therefore new rivals, providers, purchasers, new merchandises and competition are basic forces that could impact any sector. However in instance of voluntary sector, the direction rules are based towards cooperation with other new groups or organisation s instead than any signifier of competition. 2.2 Organizational Culture Organizational civilization is the survey of psychological science, attitudes, experiences and moralss or working systems showed or followed by workers within an organisation. The organisational civilization within Bolton Youth Offending Team is characterized by cooperation and coaction as the chief focal point is on offering advice and counsel to immature people and people of related organisations so that ends could be delivered more efficaciously. Workers from the squad could assist measure the demands of the group, particularly those of the immature people and could offer capacity edifice and support and besides develop larning chances for the members or for other community groups and organisations. Bolton Youth Offending Team prepares studies and supervising for immature people involved in offense, young person offense, employment, instruction, direction, commission accomplishments, legal issues, personal development and volunteering ( Bolton Youth Offending Team web site, 2009 ) . Team members besides help with preparation demands analysis, developing chances and other preparation for the organisation. The organisation civilization therefore remains unfastened and supportive with a focal point on leaving cognition. As the organisation draws upon the expertness of board members from several organisations, the organisational civilization is about a corporate attempt to heighten community work and engagement from all positions and Bolton Youth Offending Team provides support and preparation in a comprehensive mode. Organizational civilization could depict a comprehensive scope of services provided by the Bolton Youth Offending Team and the process for supplying these services through teamwork and partnerships with other organisations. Organizational civilization besides directs and provides a method of engagement as the staff and other spouses will hold to promote interaction and advance a civilization of engagement within any organisation. Harmonizing to the rules of direction, organisational civilization should be based on the analysis of the 4Ps of topographic point, merchandise, monetary value, and publicity which signifies where a merchandise or service will be launched, what will be its characteristics, what would be the monetary value that the people will hold to pay to acquire the service or merchandise and how the intelligence of the launch would be propagated through publicity ( Kotler, 2005 ) . This means a proper selling scheme in conformity with the 4Ps will hold to be implemented for any new service or launch of a new unit within the Bolton Youth Offending Team or Bolton council. 2.3 Agreements for staff and beneficiary engagement in the administration. Staff and beneficiary engagement within the Bolton Youth Offending Team occurs through the partnership squad and the squad aims to better the quality and effectivity of voluntary and community groups and their engagement in multi-agency work by doing equal agreements for staff and donees to take part in the execution of all undertakings in a smooth manner. The community groups that work with Bolton Youth Offending Team screen activities of regeneration, community safety, acquisition, policing, instruction and societal attention and partnerships enable groups to stand for positions of members and influence service bringing, determination devising, policy development. The partnerships squad supports and enables multi-agency work relationships to better community work and this has been possible through back uping and propagating webs, forums and promoting voluntary groups to work together ( Mullins, 1999 ) . Representatives are supported as they are provided with new information on new enterprises and working with spouses to set up effectual constructions for community engagement. Smaller groups are besides supported and this includes supplying support to handicapped people and minority cultural communities ( Harris, 1994 ) . Some of the specific activities of the organisation that encourages and promotes beneficiary engagement within any organisation include back uping community and voluntary engagement as in societal attention partnerships ; back uping a web for groups of immature people, back uping minority cultural groups to take part in partnerships ; back uping voluntary community webs, forums and treatments. 2.4 How the administration ensures/promotes anti-oppressive patterns. The Bolton Youth Offending Team promotes diverseness issues and tackles minority jobs by advancing duologue among different groups and particularly supports immature people from different backgrounds. With an extended web with other community organisations, the Bolton Youth Offending Team highlights the importance of understanding young person concerns from all backgrounds and particularly youth engagement among minority groups. There is particular accent to promote equal engagement of all members and the chief aims and ends of Bolton Youth Offending Team are based on counsel irrespective of background supplying chances and counsel to all immature people who may hold got into problem for their offenses. This is stated on their web site as follows: A ; acirc ; ˆ?We back up immature people who are charged by the constabulary and have to look in tribunal We prepare studies for tribunal to help the tribunal to make up ones mind sentences for immature people We work with the tribunals, canvassers and the Crown Prosecutions Service to hold and supply support to immature people granted bond by the tribunals We provide support to immature people who have been remanded by the tribunals We work with and back up immature people who have been sentenced by the tribunals We support immature people who have been sentenced to detention and we support and work with them when they are released from detention A ; acirc ; ˆA? . ( Bolton Youth Offending Team, 2009 ) . This accent suggests that the intent of the organisation has been to promote more engagement among all community members irrespective of their race, ethnicity or faith ( Pollitt, 1993 ) . 3.0: Recommendations for betterments If a recommendation for the betterment of services of the Bolton Youth Offending Team organisation is to be considered, the primary focal point should be managing anti oppressive patterns even more strongly to advance and further societal inclusion and particularly among the immature people of varied cultural backgrounds. The Bolton Youth Offending Team should besides follow a more structured attack to direction of community services and as such should pull its specified five twelvemonth scheme that could assist do young person services even more inclusive and comprehensive. Bolton Youth Offending Team actively supports community engagement of immature people and other members in Bolton community and provides support and preparation for community development and AIDSs in the young person engagement in the community besides developing links between voluntary and community organisations. Most of the voluntary organisations which are non involved in community young person services could besides spread out their scope of preparation and development enterprises with the association of Bolton Youth Offending Team. In footings of direction of the organisation, the organisation has a group of cardinal direction squad that provides practical services and support to voluntary and community groups and some of their services include supplying support, counsel, reding, advice on tribunal affairs, young person offense, offense, anti societal activity, drugs and alcohol addiction imprisonment and mulcts. The squad normally offers aid to voluntary organisations and community groups and includes commissariats of preparation, information Sessionss and counsel for specialist squads and recommendations for development would be to develop more specific schemes that the voluntary community workers could follow. The Bolton Youth Offending Team could advance involvements of the voluntary sector and the community sector and the recommendations could be on doing the services more incorporate and comprehensive. In a recent study on the squad, probation inspectors have found that proper appraisals were non carried out on young person re-offending or ego injury and this has led to new steps being taken by the Council ( Bolton News, 2009 ) . Bolton Council squad which is the parent division of the Bolton Youth Offending Team promotes and supports volunteering activities and offers information and counsel to persons or volunteering organisations so people who want to volunteer and back up organisations affecting voluntaries are supported and provided the right sort of advice and preparation. The Bolton Youth Offending Team could be expanded further and could work with many other local voluntary organisations and all of them could follow a individual direction scheme that would assist the Bolton Youth Offending Team to link different sections and groups as a cohesive force on service for the community. 4.0 Decision Young person and community engagement through the voluntary and authorities organisations, particularly related to offense bar is an of import facet of societal development. The voluntary sector within the UK is particularly strong but young person and community engagement needs to be enhanced through a stronger direction scheme that would do public sector direction easy accessible and applicable in voluntary organisations ( Flynn, 1997 ) . What little public sector organic structures lack at times is a structured scheme for direction and collaborative integrated attempts among many community groups that would be indispensable to the operation of any organisation. Large organisations require many smaller groups that would work as a unit for the same intent and in this instance the intent would be to heighten community work and community youth engagement that could develop how immature people would be more active participants in societal life. The focal point on anti discriminatory po licy is besides of import as is the instance of most voluntary organisations in the UK and anti discriminatory policies that would advance societal inclusion of immature people is among one of the direction ends of all voluntary and authorities supported youth organisations. Sing the diverse scope of population with immature people from assorted cultural backgrounds, it is of import to stress on societal inclusion so that all members of the community could take part every bit in community work and supply their penetrations in societal work.